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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi all! Thanks so much for having me—I have deeply enjoyed the rich discussion that’s been happening over these last few weeks, and have learned a lot from it. </p>
<div class="">Below is a little thing I wrote last week while I was thinking about the relationship between two connected issues that have emerged out of present circumstances. The first is about the fate of the neoliberal intellectual project, with its fantasies
about markets as magically self-coordinating systems that don’t require centralized intervention (in its strongest version, this argument doesn’t just say “we don’t care about human flourishing and the social good but only about markets,” it actually says
“markets will produce human flourishing and the social good far better than any other system”). The second is about the fact that under current circumstances, workers in the logistics and service sectors—including many workers who have been the victims of
intensified exploitation as a result of gigification—have become newly essential to social provisioning, as we all need delivery drivers and grocery store workers and big-rig truckers to get us necessary items even more than we did before. These two things
come together, for me, under the heading of “circulation,” so here are some thoughts…</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i class="">On circulation<o:p class=""></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i class=""> </i>We think a lot about circulation these days.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>We think about supply chains: the shipping container, the warehouse, the big rig; about the loading bay, the pallet, the shelf, the delivery vehicle.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>There’s a version of this that Bruce Robbins describes as the “sweatshop sublime”: the sudden realization “that one is the beneficiary of an unimaginably vast and complex social [system]…that brings goods from the ends
of the earth to satisfy your slightest desire.” For Robbins, the “sublimity” of this moment lies in the abyssal sense of powerlessness that attends it. To realize that we are part of an unimaginably large whole is unsettling, and we feel as small and powerless
when we contemplate the vastness of the market as we do gazing at the vastness of the mountain. This powerlessness thus distinguishes Robbins’ “sweatshop sublime” from the more self-satisfied feeling Milton Friedman experiences as he ponders the free market
<span style="background-color: white;" class="">“coordinat[ing] the activities of hundreds of millions of people all over the globe [under] ever-changing conditions,” or
</span>the “marvel” Friedrich Hayek says we ought to feel when we consider the natural and uncoordinated working of the price system.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>Yet Friedman and Hayek (and Robbins too) are all describing this coordinated, vast, networked system when it works, at least for those
<i class="">for whom</i> it works. This is first-world thought, neoliberal thought, boom-time thought. It’s not crisis thought, so it’s not what we are mostly doing now. Instead, we think about why GM can’t use its idle factories to make ventilators instead
of cars, about why virus testing kits are stuck in warehouses rather than converging “from the ends of the earth” and going where they are needed most. We see the empty shelf where the toilet paper or dried beans should be. We wonder why all the demand in
the world can’t magically coordinate a supply of face masks.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>On the phone, a friend says “Now I can’t stop thinking about all the hands that touched everything I buy.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>This sudden awareness of what it takes to get an apple into one’s cart is different than Robbins’ “sublime” and Hayek’s “marvel”—it’s not the largeness of supply chains and provision networks but rather their intimacy,
the human labor whereby goods move hand to hand to hand.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>Marx: “All commodities are non-use-values for their owners, and use-values for their non-owners. Consequently, they must all change hands. [T]his changing of hands constitutes their exchange, and their exchange then
puts them in relation with each other as values and realizes them as values …When one commodity replaces another, the money commodity always sticks to the hands of some third person. Circulation sweats money from every pore.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>Hands in Marx are usually synecdoche for human labor. The passage about circulation, though, isn’t about labor, but rather about exchange, which here comes after but is not itself work—indeed, Marx’s argument here is
that despite its visibility, the “noisy sphere of circulation” isn’t where value is
<i class="">made</i>; rather, value is created out of view, in the “hidden abode of production”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>Yet if circulation sweats, so do circulation workers. 19<font size="1" class="">th</font> century “sweated” production labor allowed manufacturers to expand work and output without investing in buildings and machines,
as unskilled workers, mostly women and children, did unskilled work for piece-rate wages in their own kitchens, decentralizing the industrial workforce and preventing collective labor unrest. 21<font size="1" class="">st </font>century sweated labor, however,
is mostly circulation work (in the overdeveloped world, at least). Stockers and packers at Amazon, forced into nearly machinic levels of work speed-up (pushed to their physical limits, they are still just a bit more efficient than machines) and denied workforce
protections or collective bargaining, thus recall the 19<font size="1" class="">th</font> century sweated “outworkers,” despite the change from tenement to warehouse. So do gigworkers, self-harrying frantically from store to car to delivery point and back
again, driven by the lash of today’s version of piece-rate wages: the tips that constitute the bulk of their wages, paid not by the firm (Instacart, we ought note, is worth a cool $100 billion or so today mostly because it pays only a fraction of its own labor
costs) but rather by the recipient of the service, who can tip whatever they want--including nothing at all.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>Like work, fever makes you sweat. And so too, we hear a prescient viral echo in that image of exchange that sticks to us, of the appendages and fluids that both lubricate and threaten the smooth flow of goods.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>“You put on the shirt and forget about it,” Robbins says of outsourced sweatshop labor. And so too, despite being first forced to see, we could then numbly forget. We could clear from our mind that fleeting glimpse
of the dockworker, the stacker, the driver, the unloader, the shelver, the deliverer. We could wipe each item down. We could accept the economists’ desire to price-out human life, to weigh economic cost against lived human catastrophe and to treat the former
as natural and the latter as inevitable. We could practice the kind of theory that would give us an alibi for our own unknowing: that would reject the idea that we see these conditions clearly and accurately, if we only look; that would see praxis as ordered
by theory rather than the reverse.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>Or we could think otherwise. We could carefully map and relentlessly survey the networks that connect us all, smoothing and equalize some of these flows and stopping entirely the movement of others. We could refuse
to see our personal safety as our zero-sum due and instead see that inevitable, unintentional connection—transmission, even—is another name for solidarity. We could insist that the knowledge both of what’s going on and what is to be done is right there, in
our hands.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""><a href="https://gigworkersrising.org/" class="">https://gigworkersrising.org/</a></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<div class=""><a href="https://nypost.com/2019/07/13/inside-the-hellish-workday-of-an-amazon-warehouse-employee/" class="">https://nypost.com/2019/07/13/inside-the-hellish-workday-of-an-amazon-warehouse-employee/</a></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/04/21/enough-enough-largest-strike-yet-amazon-workers-call-sick-over-unsafe-working" class="">https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/04/21/enough-enough-largest-strike-yet-amazon-workers-call-sick-over-unsafe-working</a></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/30/21200495/instacart-strike-coronavirus-covid-19-working-conditions-amazon-whole-foods-gig-economy" class="">https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/30/21200495/instacart-strike-coronavirus-covid-19-working-conditions-amazon-whole-foods-gig-economy</a></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/03/amazon-ups-organizing-unions-logistics-teamsters-united" class="">https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/03/amazon-ups-organizing-unions-logistics-teamsters-united</a></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Annie J. McClanahan</div>
<div class="">
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Associate Professor of English and Director of Graduate Studies<br class="">
University of California, Irvine<br class="">
<a href="mailto:annie.mcc@uci.edu" class="">annie.mcc@uci.edu</a><br class="">
<a href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=26584" class=""><i class="">Dead Pledges: Debt, Crisis, and 21st Century Culture</i> </a>(Stanford UP, 2016)<br class="">
Pronouns: she/her<br class="">
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